Application Notes

■ Quartz Crystal Notes
A quartz crystal resonates when an

electrical potential is applied to its surfaces, causing mechanical deformation(vibration). This phenomenon is called the piezoelectric effect. When metal electrodes are placed on both sides of a crystal plate, the piezoelectric response between the electrodes can be

expressed as the equivalent electrical parameters shown in Figure 1.

■ Mode of Oscillation
The Oscillation Mode for AT cut quartz crystals is at the fundamental mode or and odd frequency harmonic of the fundamental  frequency. Standard 3rd overtone mode, followed by 5th, 7th ,9th, etc.

■ Frequency Tolerance @25℃
Frequency Tolerance is the minimum and the maximum frequency deviation allowed from the Target Frequency @25℃. This deviation is usually specified in ±ppm ( parts per million ).

■ Frequency Stability
Frequency Stability is the amount of frequency deviation that will occur over the Operating Temperature Range with respect to the frequency @25℃.This deviation is often associated with other specified operating conditions such as Load Capacitance and Drive Level.. Temperature is a major influence on crystal frequency.

■ Equivalent Series Resistance(ESR or R₁)
ESR is the resistance (in Ohms) that the crystal exhibits at

resonance. Equation (1)

■ Shunt Capacitance
Shunt capacitance (C₀) is the capacitance between the crystal terminals. It varies with package, usually it is smaller in SMD (4pF typical) and is 6pF in leaded crystals.

■ Load Capacitance
Crystals can be calibrated by the manufacturer at either fr, where they appear resistive (or fs which is very close to fr),or for resonance with a  capacitive load, where of course they must appear inductive. The latter condition is called load –resonant and is represented in general terms by the symbol fL or ,more specifically, the symbol f 30 would , for example , represent the frequency at which the crystal is at resonance with a 30 pF capacitor.

■ Motional Capacitance (C₁)
Motional Capacitance (C₁) is a parameter largely controlled by the design of the electrode size and shape. When C1 is specified, it  should be specified with a maximum and a minimum value in pf of fF. C₁ has physical design limitations due to constraints in quartz blank size, mode of operation and nominal frequency. L₁ is usually not specified because it is virtually specified by C₁ due to the absolute relationship shown in Equation 2.

Equation ( 2 )

■ Storage Temperature Range
The Storage Temperature Range is the absolute limits of temperature to which the device will be exposed in a non-oscillation state.

■ Pullability and Change of Load Capacitance
Frequency

change as a function of load capacitance C_L in a parallel resonant crystal. Pullability is a function of shunt capacitance C₀, motional capacitance C₁, and size of crystal. When a

crystal is operating at parallel resonance (Fs<Fr<Fa),it looks inductive in the circuit. As the reactance changes, the frequency changes correspondingly, thus change the pullability of the crystal.See Equation (3) .The same crystal with frequency at 3rd-overtone mode will have much less pulling because its ’motional capacitance C₁` is approximately 1/9 of C₁ at fundamental.

Equation (3)

■ Spurious  
Unwanted resonances usually above the operating mode, specified in dB max. or number of times of ESR. Frequency range must be specified. In oscillator applications, it is necessary to control unwanted modes as lower as possible to prevent circuit oscillating in the “spurious mode ”.See Figure 3. The design of large electrodes on crystal to produce large pulling is a common cause of prompting spurious. A resistance ration of 2:1 or minimum of 3db separation

is usually adequate.

■ Aging
Aging is the change in operating frequency over a certain

period of time .It is usually expressed as a maximum value in ppmper year. Typical crystal aging:±5ppm per year max..

■ DLD(Drive Level Dependency)
To change a crystal of drive level that will change the frequency or resistance, the effect is called DLD Usually DLD is a ration between the largest resistance measured over a user defined power range ,and the resistance at the nominal power . DLD is a good measure of internal cleanliness of crystals.

 

■ Oscillator Notes
A crystal oscillator is a timing device that consists of a crystal and an oscillator circuit, providing an output waveform at a specific frequency. When a crystal is placed into an amplifier circuit(as shown in Figure 4 ),a small amount of energy is feedback to the crystal, which causes it to

vibrate. These vibrations act to stabilize the frequency of the oscillator circuit.

■ Supply Current(I_CC)
The current flowing into Vcc terminal with respect to ground. Typical supply current is measured without load.

■ Supply Voltage(V_DC max)
The maximum voltage which can safely be applied to the V_DC terminal with respect to ground .

■ Symmetry ( Duty Cycle )
Symmetry is a measurement of the time that the output waveform is in a logic high state, expressed as a percentage (%) of the complete cycle. A typical symmetry tolerance is 40/60%. Tight symmetry is considered to be 45/55%.

■ Rise / Fall Time
Rise Time is a measure of the

transition time from a “Logic 0” to a “Logic 1” level.Fall Time is a measure of the transition time from a “Logic 1” to a “Logic 0” level. Both Rise and Fall Time are typically specified as a maximum transition time in ns. Typical rise and fall time for CMOS 4000 series is 30ns, HCMOS is 6ns, and for HCMOS/TTL compatible) is 3 ns max..( See Figure 5 )

■ Output load
Output Load is the maximum load an

oscillator can drive. It is specified in terms of number

of gates or type of load circuit. An HCMOS load is usually specified as a capacitive load in pF. TTL loads are specified as a number of TTL gates.

■ Start-up time
Start-up time is the delay time between the oscillation starts from noise until it reaches its full output amplitude when power is applied. The start-up time varies from microseconds to milliseconds depending on frequency, ASIC speed and logic. See figure 6.

■ VCXO ( Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator )

A VCXO is an oscillator that allows the user to vary the Output Frequency by varying a Control Voltage applied to pin 1.

■ TCXO ( Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator)
A TCXO is a crystal oscillator with a temperature compensated network. A typical Overall Frequency Tolerance that can be achieved by a TCXO is ±0.5ppm to ±5.0ppm . A TCXO network often includes a trimmer capacitor that can be used either to compensate for frequency shifts due to aging and/or tune the oscillator to an exact frequency.

■ Tri-State
An oscillator with the tri-state feature allows the output to be placed into a high impedance state with no output oscillation present. This feature is activated by the application of a logic control voltage to pin 1 of the oscillator.

■ Resonator Notes
Ceramic resonators stand  between quartz crystal oscillators and  LC/RC oscillators in regard to accuracy. The oscillation of ceramic resonators is dependent upon mechanical resonance associated with their piezoelectric crystal structure. These materials(usually  barium titanate or lead-zirconium titanate )have large dipole movement which causes the distortion or growth of the crystal by an applied electric field.

■ Frequency Stability
The maximum allowable frequency deviation compared to the measured frequency at 25℃ over the temperature window, i.e., -20℃ to +80℃. The typical stability is ±0.3%(±3000ppm).

■ Frequency Tolerance
The allowable deviation from the nominal frequency at room temperature.

■ Equivalent Circuit
Its equivalent circuit is similar to the quartz crystal equivalent circuit, i.e., consists of a series L1, C1,R1 circuit shunting with a parallel C0 capacitance.

■ Filters Notes
A filter is any component or network which tailors the response of an amplifier to give it the desired characteristics with respect to frequency. In theory any resonant component is a filter-an oscillator is only a particular case of an amplifier which has its feedback controlled by the resonator .Crystal filters are widely used in mobile communications systems, mobile and cordless telephones, pagers and radios.

■ Monolithic Filters
Strictly speaking describing a filter as monolithic implies that all the elements are formed on a single quartz blank.

■ Pass Band Width
The frequency band width in which the attenuation is same or less than a specified value .  Pass band width is specified by minimum value.

■ Stop Band Width
The frequency band width in which the attenuation is equal to B is specified by  minimum value.

■ Ripple
Within a pass band the difference between maximum and minimum attenuation.

■ Terminal Impedance
A signal impedance and a load impedance of a filter.

■ Spurious Response:
Minimum attenuation caused by extra-ordinary response in the stopband .Spurious response usually appears at a frequency higher than the center frequency .